Breakup Of The Soviet Union And Gorbachev free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper In one hebdomad, the summer of 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic, became history. The forces of reform unleashed by President Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid 1980 s generated a democratic motion. Mr. Gorbachev may be revered for the democratic forces he unleashed- his policies of perestroika, or reconstructing, and glasnost, or openness. However, his failure to set nutrient on Soviet tabular arraies and his reluctance to travel boldly on economic reforms doomed him to be a failure ( Sieff ) . His economic policies threw his state into even more convulsion and pandemonium, as the different nationalities used their new freedoms to travel off from the brotherhood. Gorbachev unfeignedly wanted to reform the Communist system, but he did non desire to extinguish it. He recognized there was a batch of incorrect with his state, but right to the terminal, he neer grasped the extent of the job ( Russia ) . As a consequence, the dissolution of the Soviet Union was non a remarkable event that occurred overnight, instead was caused by decennaries of disregard and maltreatment to the former states by the cardinal communist authorities. We will write a custom essay sample on Breakup Of The Soviet Union And Gorbachev or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A authorities that would neer stop, but find ways to cover-up its individuality. From the start of the Twenty- Seventh Party Congress in 1986, perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev s plan of economic, political, and societal reconstructing, became the unintended accelerator for leveling what had taken about three- quarters of a century to raise ( Perestroika ) . Conservatives have called it as a public attempt to subtly score the Western universe to take down its guard ( Corpus ) , believing it was a camouflage merely to deflect foreign states. Liberals believe it that it is a authorization for disarming and cooperation between two highly different value systems while under the decease menace of atomic war ( Corpus ) . However, Gorbachev declares that it is a brotherhood of principals and socialism and non a response to a hapless domestic economic system or sweeping forsaking of basic communist dogmas ( Corpus ) . Furthermore, he asserts that perestroika is a design for the Soviet Union to emerge from the economic retardation into planetary industrial fight ( The Meanin g Perestroika ) . He believed that was the lone manner that the Soviet Union would be able to last now. Yet, the inquiry of what is perestroika? still exists. Some believe that it is a confederacy organized by the CIA, and by the West in general, a confederacy which aimed at military/political corruption of the USSR and of communism in general ( Yakovlev ) . Some say perestroika was a treachery either intended as such from the really first and quiet witting, or a treachery that merely happened to happen ( Yakovlev ) . While others still declare that perestroika was stupidity, likely caused by good purposes, which resulted in an absolute deficiency of duty ( Yakovlev ) . In truth, perestroika was a historical significance, which was baronial in its ends but had major reverberations to the state, every bit good as to its people. Gorbachev s perestroika confirms a desire to fling the Stalinist yearss of forced collectivisation and panic. Furthermore, it is non merely a declaration of L eninist s thoughts that will infix a new dosage of motive into the national consciousness, but a hopeful attempt to reconstruct trust between the people and their authorities. Perestroika is an attempt to animate Russia towards values and high criterions ( Rodrigue ) . However, Gorbachev s solutions are flawed because of the deficiency of an ethical model to steer his plans ( The Collapse of Stalinism ) . He did non hold a clear program of what sort of political and societal system must be created, says Fydor Bulatsky, a speechwriter for Krushchev, close adjutant of Andropov, and former adviser to Gorbachev ( Sneider ) . Perestroika has focused on three planes, three tendencies, three waies of job. First is the battle for precedence either political orientation or of common sense, second is a battle for domination either of the party or of the province, and 3rd is the battle for redistribution of power and belongings. In portion, it was due to the nonsubjective undertakings of peres troika itself that we had so many lanes, so many tendencies of confrontation within perestroika procedure ( Yakovlev ) . At this point, the party was excessively busy reconstructing its image and seeking to turn out to its people that life could be good ; as a consequence, these three battles show how perestroika was developed and implemented. Gorbachev had a pick, he could turn perestroika into a genuinely, people s democratic revolution, traveling to the uttermost, truly conveying the society entire freedom, or to stay a Communist reformist, runing in the familiar and controlled surroundings of the party bureaucratism ( Sneider ) . He attempted to do a society that was wholly free, but this evidently did non go on. In 1990, Gorbachev once more had an chance to let perestroika to be seen as a glorious theory that will salvage the state when Article Six of the Constitution giving the Communist Party a monopoly had been abolished and a presidential system was to be established ( Nadl er ) . However, he chose to be elected by the Congress alternatively of by the people ; this was his greatest error. Again, a cover- up was made. While he did let elections to take topographic point, Congress chose him in world. The lone individual on the ballot ticket was Mikhail Gorbachev of the former Communist party. No 1 was allowed to run because the authorities did non take him or her. Perestroika didn T manage to get the better of itself. Public, societal, and political forces awakened by it remained unclaimed, while the old construction continued to be and move against reform ( Sneider ) . It brought another consequence that was unanticipated ; the outgrowth of powerful nationalist motions in the 15 democracies of the Soviet imperium. From the Baltic democracies to the heartland Russia, democratic reformists won power by detaching themselves from the Communist Party ( Sneider ) . As with perestroika, the early phases of glasnost were meant to be limited in extent. Soviet society would be unfastened to unfavorable judgment by its intellectuals creative persons, scientists, authors, and others ( Glasnost and Perestroika ) . However, it did non, ab initio, include every twenty-four hours citizens of the on the job category. Gorbachev believed that if he allowed people to talk their heads and informing them of the position of the state and its failures, he would win their support for perestroika. In 1989, the offenses and adversities of the Stalin decennary were talked about openly, and every angle was criticized along with the party itself. Every failure and every success of the system was now being exposed and exploited. Every measure the authorities took was being questioned publically. The Communist Party, the authorities, and Gorbachev were now confronting sever unfavorable judgment, after implementing a plan that was supposed to help them. However, the deal ingss with the United States improved. Gorbachev began holding acmes with President Ronald Reagan and continued them with President George Bush ( Glasnost and Perestroika ) . Agreements on arm decreases were signed, and treatments on cut downing atomic arms were taking topographic point. Around the universe Gorbachev was hailed as a dynamic leader, whose bold novices were rapidly decreasing the menace of atomic war, but at place he was seen as a leader who went against his words and was taking the USSR into more pandemonium ( Glasnost and Perestroika ) . The feeling of glasnost besides spread throughout Europe. In Poland, Wojciech Jaruzelski, caput of the Polish Communist Party, called for cardinal alterations to deliver the economic system. In June, elections took topographic point where the brotherhood won seats and n July, Jaruzelski moved into the new place of president ( Glasnost and Perestroika ) . Furthermore, Hungry, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia all followed Poland and c hanged their authorities, set uping new order. Although it was good that dealingss were acquiring stronger continually, this did non ease the lives of citizens. Therefore, Russia itself befell to its policies and reverberations occurred. During the 2nd half of 1991, the Soviet Unions, the universe s largest state and a extremely militarized atomic world power, broke apart into its component democracies ( Commonwealth ) . The Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, captured by Stalin in the Second World War, demanded independency and started a motion of sezession. The consequence was a Domino one where other Russian states began to hold the same sentiments and started rebellions against the centralised authorities. On December 08, 1992, leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus met to subscribe and understanding which declared that on December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union was succe eded by the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) , a loose alliance of 12 of the former democracies ( Commonwealth ) . Gorbachev evidently opposed such actions taken by these states but was in fact powerless against them. The twenty-four hours that CIS was established was besides the twenty-four hours the Gorbachev resigned and was the last twenty-four hours that the ruddy flag was hung in the state. The new Commonwealth was about every bit big as the former Soviet Union holding land country of 8.53 million squared stat mis. In add-on, it was a mosaic of many nationalities and cultural groups. As a consequence, job were apparent, such as were between nationalities in the original Soviet Union. Each democracy had its ain really hard economic and societal jobs to work out, and within each democracy were many old Communists who wanted to see reform fail. As this proved a hard undertaking, less attending was paid to the destiny of the CIS ( Commonwealth ) . One of the biggest grounds why the Soviet Union had a dissolution was because of the job of ethnicity. USSR contained more than one hundred cultural group where fifty- two per centum ranged in the 100s as population, and twenty- three per centum ranged beyond one million ( Russia ) . Peoples were classified harmonizing to physical traits, material civilization, religious civilization and manner of life. Two hundred different linguistic communications were spoken, and although Russian was the official linguistic communication, this broad scope presented jobs. The authorities became less and less ethnically representative as a consequence of slow demographic growing of the cultural Russians and the rapid growing of other cultural groups ( Russia ) . This of class angered many citizens since their voices were non heard and alterations could non be made to fulfill them. In Lithuania, the 3rd biggest cultural group were Poles who made up seven per centum of the population ( The Baltic ) . Poles were non even Russians, but a different civilization from another European states. Obviously, bash and combat will happen among groups that can non pass on together. Religion has been a big issue in Russia since the age of Stalin. Due to the alterations caused by Peter the Great, the priests had less influence and by the 19th century, Russia was a multi-religious society. However, the 1917 revolution led to the official policy of obliteration of faith in the state. Churches had no legal position and their belongings was confiscated. Private spiritual instruction of any sort was purely out ( Russia ) . The Soviet Union was officially and unbelieving state. Gorbachev in the 1980 s, along with the authorities, promised to increase spiritual freedom for all trusters, but this was in the far hereafter. After denying the rights for such a long clip, Russians did non swear or believe that such a thing would go on. Alexander Solzhenitsyn stated that if Gorbachev was serious about promoting freedom and openness in the Soviet Union, so he had best start with the most cardinal issue: spiritual autonomy ( Corpus ) . Russian democracies realized that they wil l neer hold the right to full spiritual autonomy and the lone opportunity they did hold was to get away from the oppressive regulation of Mother Russia and make new fundamental laws that were really democratic. Food is the most indispensable consumer good. Except for agribusiness, Soviet contrivers traditionally neglected the consumer sector, stressing on heavy industry alternatively. The consequence was an economic system dominated by a monolithic and successful military-heavy industrial base coupled with an agricultural base that at best muddled through. Small else was left for other consumer goods, and many goods that were produced were of such hapless quality that few people wanted to purchase them ( Russia ) . The economic system hence consisted of a heavy industrial and armed forces sector equivalent with that of a developed state, alongside a consumer sector comparable to that of a Third World state, an economic paradox ( Russia ) . While the military and engineering was of import to the people, most screamed for autonomy, freedom, and staff of life. Hunger was distributing through Russia and the lone manner to discontinue it was to concentrate on cultivation ; something a Communist authorities was non ready to make, or did non desire to make. In the period between 1922 and 1939, drastic attempts were made by the USSR to stamp down Ukrainian patriotism. Ukraine suffered awfully from the forced collectivisation of agribusiness and the expropriation of groceries from the countryside ; the consequence was the dearth of 1932-33, when more than seven million people died ( Ukraine ) . This is one of the grounds why Ukraine decided to go forth the brotherhood. This is besides the ground why other states decided to follow in the state s footfalls. Sing how Ukraine was being treated was more than plenty to convert these states that their bends were coming up. While all Russian states were being treated harshly and below the belt, Ukraine was the state that faced increasing job signifier the centralised authorities. One ground why the Soviet union became disquieted with the thought that Ukraine was go forthing the brotherhood was because industry contributes more than 40 per centum of entire net stuff merchandise ( NMP ) and histories for more than one-quarter of entire employment ( Ukraine ) . This state was known for its agribusiness and all that it contributed to brotherhood. Agribusiness histories for about 30 per centum of entire NMP and one-quarter of entire employment ( Ukraine ) . Ukraine is a major manufacturer and exporter of a assortment of agricultural merchandises, including wheat and sugar Beta vulgariss. Other harvests include murphies, veggies, fruit, helianthuss, and flax. Livestock elevation is besides of import. As a consequence of its sequence, Russia suffered greatly and domestic nutrient ingestion has decreased. NMP declined by about 30 per centum in 1992, one of the sharpest beads among the former Soviet democracies. Mr. Gorbachev, like old Russian tyrants who unleashed reform and permitted freedom but though they could still command it from above, was taken aback, and was non amused, when his people used their new freedom to knock him ( Russia ) . He created a parliament system of his ain personal design, which in theory was supposed to be democratic and listen to the people, but alternatively it had its ain regulations of constitutional pattern and parliamentary behaviour that were used whenever it suited him. Gorbachev s personal appeal impressed the mighty of the universe, but he was unable to carry through his vision and policies ( Yakolev ) . Harmonizing to Mr. Kniazhkov, a former Tass letter writer, Gorbachev tried to transport out an ambitious plan, but he did non hold the rational and metal capacity to make it. He took on excessively much, go forthing behind a destroyed economic system and nil to replace it. He was guilty of condemnable irresponsibleness. Gorbachev was ever a prophesier more acclaimed abroad than at place. For stoping the Cold War, he received the Nobel Peace Prize. His policies united Germany, allow communism decease in Eastern Europe and stopped weaponries support for wars in Angola, Cambodia, and Nicaragua ( Bedard ) . Even Time magazine named him Man of the Decade. However, at place, the democracies that made up the internal Soviet Empire rejected his visions of a new brotherhood based on consent instead than restraint. Angry and disillusioned by the experience of the old 70 old ages, one democracy after another promoted to have full independency and rejected all of his statements to the contrary. He showed no acknowledgment that the three Baltic provinces of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had been cruelly seized and murderously purged by Josef Stalin in 1940 in a secret trade with Adolph Hitler ( Russia ) . Yet, the people of these states remembered and were angry. Whether it was ignorance or disregard, Gorbachev so believed the communist histo ry books he had read at school, which brushed over and explained some of the greatest offenses of the century. So, he neer thought of the Ukraine as holding been forcibly conquered by the Red Army in 1919-1920, or as the victim of deliberate genocidal famine policies in the 1930 s ( Yakolev ) . However, the Ukrainians remember all the offenses against them, and when they express their desire for full independency, it came as a daze. It is ignorance and stupidity of Gorbachev that he did non recognize that these effects would happen if he permitted people to talk in openness. His policies of perestroika and glasnost gave these laden states the arms and tools to contend and interrupt off from a totalitarian authorities. Former President Mikhail Gorbachev was ever more loved and admired in the White House and in the State Department, than among his ain people.

Therapeutic Relationship Essay Example

Therapeutic Relationship Essay Example Therapeutic Relationship Paper Therapeutic Relationship Paper Person centred counselling originated and was evolved on the ideas of American psychologist Carl Rogers. The influences on Carl Rogers and he’s conceptualisation of Person centred counselling are numerous, from his early family life living on a farm, his interest and involvement in theology and his formative professional career. One incident which appears to have had a particular impact on Carl Rogers was when working in his first job as a psychologist, at Rochester New York, for an organisation for the prevention of cruelty to children, whilst working with a parent (Kirshenbaum H, et al. 1989). At this stage in his career Carl Rogers, being trained in or influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis, was essentially working in a diagnostic and interpretative way, helping a child or parent gain insight or an intellectual understanding of their own behaviour and what was unconsciously driving or motivating it (Thorne B 2002) . He formalised that the problem with the child stemmed from the Mother’s rejection of the child in his early years. But despite a number of sessions was unable to help the Mother gain this insight. He concluded that it wasn’t working and finally gave up. The Mother was leaving when she asked Carl Rogers if he takes adults for counselling. He began working with the mother, where she subsequently expressed her despair of unhappiness and feelings of failure, which was more emotive and authentic in expression, than the previously intellectual and matter of fact account given previously of her history and current life. Carl Rogers said that ‘real therapy’ began at this moment and concluded in a successful outcome (Kirshenbaum H, et al. 1990). This is Carl Roger’s view and what he learned from this experience: â€Å"This incident was one of a number which helped me to experience the fact- only fully realized later- that is the client who knows what hurts, what directions to go, what problems are crucial, what experiences have been deeply buried. It began to occur to me that unless I had a need to demonstrate my own cleverness and learning, I would do better to rely upon the client for the direction of movement in the process†. (Kirshenbaum H, et al. 1990 p13). This statement is arguably the beginnings of what, in many ways would later define and becomes a way of working within person centred therapy – that is a therapy that allows the client to be whom the client is, without any active direction from the therapist. Carl Rogers through clinical experience, research and development later defined his model of therapy. He based it upon the principles of a person as having at it’s a core an instinctive tendency towards growth, to fulfilling their potential as a person in what he termed ‘self actualisation’ (Mearns D, et al.1988). Carl Rogers believed that every living organism has a desire to increase, widen and broaden. Essentially, a fundamental urge to improve upon itself and that although, in the case of human beings, this urge may be buried or hidden by multiple psychological structures and conflicts, he strongly believed in the existence of this actualisation tendency in all of us and that given the correct conditions, it could be freed and realised in all of us (Rogers C 1961- becoming a person). Personally, I have recognised a need to develop and grow within myself for sometime and this has again been highlighted to me during this term. The more I become aware of my insecurities and pre judgements, the greater the desire to become bigger than them only becomes more apparent to me. Through my clinical experience working with adults with mental health problems, I have certainly recognised a desire in many, to become bigger or more than their issues, although, I am not certain if that was a desire to escape from their often intolerable suffering, or a fundamental need to self actualise†¦ at the very least, I would suggest self actualisation is an entirely relative supposition and will differ from person to person, dependent upon their own experiences, circumstances and perhaps even expectations. These correct conditions which are required within person centred therapy in order that the client can achieve self actualisation and personality change were outlined by Carl Rogers and he believed that if this 6 conditions were met, it would facilitate change within the client: Two persons are in psychological contact- both client and counsellor are present physically and psychologically. The client is in a state of incongruence, (which will be discussed in more detail) the communication of the counsellor’s empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard is met at a minimal level. The last condition mentioned involves 3 other conditions, which are essential attitudes and qualities necessary for the counsellor to posses for successful therapy; empathic understanding, unconditional positive regard and congruence. (Rogers C, 1957). Before looking at the latter 3 in more detail, it is important to understand Carl Rogers’s view of the person and perhaps what is ultimately bringing the client to therapy. Carl Rogers believed that there is incongruence between the self that is the actualisation part, that has a desire to grow, is open to experiencing in the moment and ultimately psychological well being and the actual experience of the self. He believed this effect was caused by ‘conditions of worth’, by external expectations, such as by parents and teachers, i. e. if you behave in a certain way that pleases me, that perhaps doesn’t evoke anxieties in me, you are a good boy- there are certain ‘conditions’ attached to being in this relationship- the child tries to internalise these conditions in order to maintain the relationship (Mearns D 1994- developing PC). Consequently, people deny or distort the experiences to their selves, which differ to how we are supposed or are conditioned to be. Therefore, Carl Rogers believed that we begin to believe in what we are not and refute who we really are (Mearns D 1994). The person has a fixed and inflexible view, or self concept (Rogers C 1980). It’s almost as if the person is driven in implementing or adopting certain behaviours in order to be accepted or loved and denying, or at the cost of their true self and feelings. This is the state of incongruence Rogers was referring as apart of the necessary conditions. Carl Rogers recognised, through his development of this approach, that distinctive and essential qualities are necessary within the therapist, for successful therapy and to facilitate character change. The emphasis being on the therapist’s attitude towards the client, as opposed to any technical skills or interventions, in comparison to many other modalities. As already mentioned, the key attitudes or qualities being empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard (Rogers C 1980). Empathy can be considered as having an ability to perceive and understand in the other person their feelings, experiences and their meaning to that person. To understand the internal world of that person, to be fully aware of the feelings they are experiencing, their anger or sadness for example, as if they are your own, but being aware that they are the clients, in order that your own feelings do not become the focus or blur the clients own experiencing (Rogers C, 1957). To absolutely see from the clients view, the feelings they may have from their position or personal experiencing, but recognising them as separate from your own. I recall a moment during this term, when in skills practise, being in the ‘client role’, when I received empathy. I was speaking about a personal situation, which I was aware on some level had meaning to me, but wasn’t fully aware of, or experiencing the feelings relating to this meaning. My perception later was that the person listened so intently, was so with me in trying to make sense of my situation, that they really did know and fully understand how it must feel for me. It was almost if I had no choice in allowing my feelings to be present, to come to my awareness and I was left with a sense of loss, feelings of loss, that I wasn’t aware of and made tremendous sense to my circumstances and why I had some anxiety and confusion in relation to this particular issue. This highlights for me how powerful empathy can be, as well as actively listening to and showing an interest sufficient in trying to understand the client, but also how it has the potential to provoke in the client in becoming aware of hidden feelings or realisations. Unconditional positive regard (UPR) is another important aspect and described as having total acceptance of the client, without conditions, whoever and whatever the client is, or how they may behave. An acceptance of not what they may or could be, but as they are now, regardless of what desired qualities the counsellor may wish for. It means total respect and valuing the person, without judgement. It also involves a sense of genuine care and wanting the best for them, including warmth for the person (Rogers C 1961). David Mearns talks about the often confusion in trainees, when understanding UPR, with a statement such as, ‘how is it possible to like all my clients’? He makes a distinction that liking is generally selective, as we perceive a similarity in values and complementary needs and UPR and liking are two very different concepts (Mearns D 1994). Unconditional positive regard is completely about valuing the person, without conditions, with all the facets of the person, their struggles, protective layers, confusion and perhaps inconsistencies. This unconditional stance is a contradiction to the conditions of worth spoken of earlier and is a vital component of person centred counselling (Kulewicz S, 1989). If a client is holding a believe that they will only be accepted, depending on the condition of others, essentially they do not see themselves as being wholly acceptable. The stance and communication of UPR can break this believe and the client is able to be in a relationship, with the counsellor accepting them without conditions (Rogers C 1961). If the counsellor is consistently valuing the client, the client perhaps has no reason for the protective layers and can be more open to their own inner experiences. Also, I wonder if the counsellor is almost giving permission and communicating a message to the client that it is ok to accept who they truly are. Another essential attitude for the counsellor, recognised by Rogers is congruence. This is the counsellor being who they are, no facade or ‘professional’ barrier. The counsellor is open and genuine in the relationship, allowing all feelings and thoughts to be in his awareness and available to him (Rogers C 1961). It’s being present with yourself and owning your feelings, not necessarily expressing what you are experiencing at the time to the client, but also not denying it. How congruence is conveyed is ultimately depended upon the counsellor themselves and when appropriate. It is about allowing a trust to be formed with the client, without pretences, where the counsellor is being human and willing to be seen (Thorne B 2002). If the counsellor is willing to acknowledge his feelings, strengths, perhaps their mistakes or weakness, it can not only allow for a more open and flowing relationship, but again I see this as perhaps giving permission to the client to embrace themselves, their strengths and weaknesses. How this differs from a helping relationship, are mainly the quality of contact and the nature of the differences in relationship. What if our client seeks help from a non person centred counsellor, perhaps a professionally respected person, a Doctor, teacher, perhaps even a work place manager, or colleague. They will listen, perhaps are sympathetic, are likely to offer advice and some direction the person may take in order to resolve their problem. But there is no ongoing process, no consistency of a relationship, with all the qualities discussed, empathy, UPR and congruence. The person centred therapist offers a safe and non judgemental relationship, with the client being valued for who they are, where they can grow in understanding of themselves, gain insight and become psychological stronger and independent. A helping relationship, although perhaps useful and supportive, will not facilitate change and allow a person to grow. In conclusion, person centred therapy is about an effective relationship, or aspires to be one, in which a person through experiencing a positive connection with another person, namely the therapist, receives deep empathy, understanding and genuine care. This enables a person to question or challenge their self concepts, to begin to experience buried or hidden feelings and gain a deeper understanding of themselves, with more acceptances and the autonomy to live without fear of their own feelings and perhaps their truer selves. It is without any difficulty from me to admire the sheer humanity of what Carl Rogers achieved with person centred therapy, the whole ethos of accepting and allowing the person to grow through such a positive and caring relationship. It appears to me that this is an incredibly challenging model of therapy, for both client and therapist. For the client the person centred therapist may appear safe and accepting, even inoffensive or unchallenging to his protective mechanisms or fixed self concepts, but that is perhaps the greatest challenge to the client, who may want answers or ways of dealing with their issues, perhaps unbearable anxiety and will perhaps look to the therapist for solutions and will find the person centred therapist completely and deeply sharing their distress, but essentially leaving it with client to be able to tolerate and accept for themselves, with of course as discussed, with the intention for the client to grow, understand the meaning behind their distress and ultimately in becoming psychologically independent. I would imagine, at least initially or in the short term, it must be difficult for the client, who is still searching and looking outside of himself, for the apparent safety and false ‘conditions’ that will make it all well again. For the therapist, the challenge is potentially numerous, but what I recognise is the trust he must have in the process of person centred therapy, in maintaining all the attitudes as discussed and consistently so. I can see that taking great strength and discipline, when he could perhaps temptingly turn to direction and advice giving. I am also left wondering if the strengths within PC therapy are also its weaknesses. The quality of therapy can only be as effective as the quality of therapist, or the limitations of the therapist. This could be said of other therapies, but for example, the CBT therapist has a direction and structure to fall back on. The challenge to the PC therapist is to be constantly growing and developing, as there is such a dependence upon who they are in the relationship. References: Kirshenbaum, H. and Henderson, V. L. (1989) The Carl Rogers reader Bury St. Edmunds: St Edmundsbury Press Limited. Kulewicz, S. F. (1989) The twelve core functions of a Counselor (5th Edn). Marlborough, CT: Counselor Publications. Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (1988) Person-centred counselling in Action (3rd Edn). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Mearns, D. (1994) Developing Person Centred counselling (2nd Edn). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Rogers, C. R. (1957) The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol. 60, No. 6, 827-832. Rogers, C. R. (1961) On Becoming a Person London: Constable Robinson Ltd. Rogers, C. R. (1980) A way of Being Boston: Houghton and Mifflin Company. Rogers, C. R. (1980) Client Centred psychotherapy In: Kaplan, H. I. et al, ceds, Comprehensive text book of Psychiatry (3rd Edn). Baltimore: Williams Wilkins Co. Thorne, B. Dryden, W. (2002) Person Centred Counselling in W. Dryden Handbook of Individual Therapy (4th Edn). London: Sage. pp. 131-157.

Kenesics Field Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kenesics Field Work - Essay Example You can see an array of hand gestures as if saying â€Å"no, I’m not willing to give you my time†. Some other expressions from the prospective customers’ countenance would say, â€Å"No, I don’t much have time†, or â€Å"I don’t much need of what you might present to me now†, or â€Å"I’m on a rush or I’m too busy for now, can we just have another time?†. These are some of the probable words that are associated with the non-verbal gestures I often see when the salesperson tries to connect someone into his line of business. I know it might be daunting or frustrating on his part, if I were to rate it myself. After all, the following are the gestures I saw that could be directly linked to his actual activity for the whole day. The first common or I saw most often even in countless number of movements from time to time is the raising of hand to a stop signal and moving and waving it in a way either fast or slow just to say directly â€Å"no†. I can sense the degree of intense refusal when it is associated with the expression of the face. A sour expression is a direct â€Å"no†. All of these are red flags or signals on saying â€Å"no†. I also observed when the prospects point to somewhere, as if saying â€Å"Look, I have to go there and I’m late† or â€Å"I need to have a break and in a hurry for now, so I’m heading there to catch up†. Some customers point to themselves, as if trying to say â€Å"I think am not ready for this. Look, I’m busy†. Some individuals would seem to remind the salesperson that â€Å"look, I’m late†, pointing their eyes directly to the customer’s watch. Some of the prospects would even bother to look somewhere, trying not to establish rapport with the salesperson. Some prospects were able to show that they feel awkward being approached by someone else. Some of them would pursue a movement away from the salesperson, like a half-step away for instance, while the latter is still trying to